Abstract
Many multipotent adult stem cells have been shown that they can be isolated from various tissues. In terms of tissue engineering, to investigate cell-cell, cell-matrix, and cellsignal interactions in the in vivo physiological environment, how to combine cell, biomaterials, and signal factors plays an dispensable role in regulation the proliferation, differentiation, and even isolation of cells or stem cells. The information implied that the biomaterial effect significantly influences the growth, maintenance, and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Genome stability, pluripotency, self-renewal capacity, and differentiation potential are all factors that must be considered prior to the application of induced pluripotent stem cells. In terms of adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown their potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because MSCs can differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic tissues. Adipose-derived stem cells are MSCs identified within the subcutaneous fat tissue.