Abstract
Controversy exists whether the syllable-final voiceless stops of (S)E Asian languages are reinforced with glottalization in all these languages, i.e.-?p -?t -?k. For example, early laryngoscopic observation of finals in Cantonese, Taiwanese (Fukienese), and Thai found that after vocalization ceases, vocal folds and false vocal folds adduct, and, in some cases, there is engagement of the aryepiglottic sphincter. This paper confirms that Taiwanese and Hakka have reinforcement of finals with glottal stop and also the variable engagement of secondary reinforcement, in agreement with these early studies. We did not find final oral stops that lacked reinforcement with the vocal folds, a phenomenon that has been observed in Korean and Vietnamese. The method used in this study is based on transnasal laryngoscopy, which allows observation of many new details of the valve-like engagement of structures in the production of reinforcement.