Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent or totipotent stem cells. This type of stem cell possesses self-renewal and unlimited proliferative abilities. If stem cells can be isolated from patients to guide their isolation and differentiation and then transplanted back into the patient’s body, these cells should not cause rejection. If we can develop an efficient culture method for regulating specific differentiation of ESCs such as cardiac cells, liver cells, and pancreas cells, it might contribute to more versatile applications and benefit the transplantation of ESC-derived somatic cells for disease therapy. Adipose-derived stem cells are increasingly used in cell therapy and are considered highly promising for their future application in regenerative medicine. Mandible bone marrow stem cells have greater potential than ordinary bone marrow stem cells; therefore, mandibular bone marrow stem cells can treat periodontal disease and promote bone regeneration.