Abstract
Faradaic electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) nanocomposites for desalination were synthesized using coconut-shell derived activated biochar (AB) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) for capacitive deionization (CDI). Three different co-precipitation methods were explored to produce the composite such as: (1) indirect liquid-phase combination (ILC) method; (2) direct liquid-phase combination (DLC) method; and (3) acid-assisted grafting oxidation combination (AGO) method. Surface characterization confirmed the presence of α-MnO 2 incorporated on the mesoporous activated biochar surface (485.92 m 2 g -1 ) for all the nanocomposites developed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests show that the three methods yielded a quasi-rectangular and symmetric CV plot indicating good EDLC behavior and a steep EIS plot. The highest specific capacitance of 522.7 F g -1 at 5 mV s -1 was observed using AGO method. CDI tests under 1.2 V at varying NaCl concentrations show high capacitive performance of the synthesized electrodes. The ILC method nanocomposite exhibited superior electrosorptive performance with an electrosorption capacity of 114.11 mg g -1 at 500 ppm NaCl concentration. Due to the synergistic effects of the pseudocapacitive redox reaction of MnO2 and the outstanding double-layer charging of AB on the composite, it serves as a suitable CDI electrode for desalination.