Abstract
Smart product–service systems (PSSs) present massive opportunities for information technology–based enterprises to upgrade or transform their products and develop new revenue streams. The development of smart PSSs poses challenges to designers who must consider multiple criteria to meet the needs of customers. The effective involvement of customers in the design process requires a deliberate design approach that facilitates customer engagement in cocreation activities to generate ideas and determine customer needs and expectations. In this study, which focused on smart health systems, a card-based toolkit, namely SmartKit, was developed, and a workshop technique was used to involve designers and nondesigners in idea generation for smart health products and services. The results of this study indicated that the developed toolkit helped inform and guide idea generation and uncovered the participants’ needs and expectations. According to the developed design concepts, we conducted means-end chain analysis to construct each participant’s value model for smart health systems and analyze their attitudes toward and preference for products and services. The insights obtained in this study provide a basis for developing smart health systems that meet customer requirements.