Abstract
The tribo-charging characteristics between toner and carrier beads were measured experimentally for various toner concentrations in the flow-agent free toner-carrier systems. We found that the Lee's low surface state density model could fit the equilibrium charging data better than the Schein's model which assumed high surface state density of carriers and actually was a special case of the Lee's model. However, Lee's model, which was based on the energy equilibrium, could not apply to non-equilibrium transient case. In order to describe the transient behavior of toner charging a sample kinetic contact model, which assumed random contact probability during toner-carrier tribo-action, was constructed. The calculations of the new model showed excellent agreements with the experimental data of Q/M versus time for the various toner concentration, and at the infinite time, which corresponded to the equilibrium state, the kinetic contact model became identical to Lee's model. As consequence, both equilibrium and transient behavior could be described.