摘要
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors are gaining traction in 3D sensing and high dynamic range (HDR) imaging for automotive, medical, and industrial applications. Conventional SPAD imagers employ digital counters for per-pixel photon counting, resulting in high transistor count and complex routing that limit pixel scalability. To overcome these limitations, this work presents a 32x32 array integrating compact self-calibrated analog counters (SCAC) with self-calibration, HDR extrapolation, and indirect time-of-flight (iTOF) functionality within each pixel for SPAD imager. The proposed design achieves 120.4 dB dynamic range and supports seamless exposure readout to suppress motion artifacts.