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利用螢石型導氧離子氧化物擔體提昇氧化銅觸媒的還原性及催化活性之研究
Thesis

利用螢石型導氧離子氧化物擔體提昇氧化銅觸媒的還原性及催化活性之研究

竇維平
Masters, National Tsing Hua University
1994

Abstract

氧化釔穩定化的氧化鋯;氧化銅;氧空洞;一氧化碳;氧化反應 Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Copper Oxide Oxygen Vacancy Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Reaction
針對汽車廢氣的控制而言,貴重金屬如鉑、鈀、銠等已被證實是最有效的三元觸媒,由於其產量稀少,因此導致研究人員將焦點轉向於賤金屬的開發。在所有的賤金屬中,銅已被視為是最有可能取代鉑、鈀的替代品,並用於三元觸媒中處理氮氧化物的還原和一氧化碳的氧化反應,但是到目前為止,其依然有一些缺點無法完全被克服。因此,利用螢石型導氧離子氧化物擔體提昇氧化銅觸媒的還原性及催化活性便成為本文主要的研究目的。本文所使用的螢石型導氧離子氧化物擔體為氧化釔穩定化的氧化鋯(YSZ),其中氧化釔含量為 6.8 和 8 mol% 兩種;除此之外,本文亦採用γ-氧化鋁為擔體以資比較。所有的氧化銅觸媒均是用含浸法加以製備,而觸媒及擔體的物性及化性則分別用程式升溫還原、程式升溫氧化、X-光繞射、穿透式電子顯微鏡、電子順磁共振、X-光光電子光譜加以分析鑑定。觸媒的活性測試則是利用連續流動式的反應器加以進行,反應物是一氧化碳和氧氣。結果顯示,YSZ 擔體的表面氧空洞可保護在反應中所生成的Cu+,使其能避免進一步的還原或氧化。在程式升溫還原的實驗中則發現,YSZ擔體的表面氧空洞能大幅地降低界面氧化銅的還原溫度,若與γ-氧化鋁所擔載的氧化銅還原溫度相比,此溫差將近為50℃,此現象與 YSZ表面氧空洞的特性有關。根據活性測試的結果顯示, CuO/YSZ 觸媒會表現出如同貴重金屬般的催化行為,例如具有起燃特性及遲滯迴路現象,而CuO/γ-氧化鋁觸媒則無此催化行為。擔載在 YSZ 上的氧化銅觸媒會有如此顯著和驚人的活性提昇現象已歸因於 YSZ 表面氧空洞變更了反應機構所致。對於此活性提昇的原因,本文提出界面活性中心來加以解釋,此界面活性中心是經由界面金屬氧化物-擔體相互作用 IMOSI)所產生,並且是由界面 Cu+ 和 YSZ 表面氧空洞所組成。除此之外,CuO/YSZ 觸媒抗氯毒化的能力亦比 CuO/γ-氧化鋁觸媒優異,而殘留的氯會導致似整體氧化銅行兩步還原(即 Cu2+ → Cu+→ Cu0),但孤立的銅離子卻不受影響,此現象已歸因於氯的強陰電性所造成的“長範圍”電子效應;另一方面,實驗亦發現殘留的氯不但能改善氧化銅的分散度,同時亦可提昇被還原的金屬銅之再氧化性。本文證實,當氧化銅擔載在 YSZ 上之後,原來發生在傳統擔體 氧化鋁)上的一些問題,如無起燃特性、產生活性較差的尖晶石、可觀的銅需求量、較差的抗毒性以及無法進行化學吸附型反應機構等,均可一一被 IMOSI 效應所克服。Using fluorite-type oxygen-ion conducting oxide support toenhance the reducibility and catalytic activity of copper oxidecatalyst is the major purpose of this study. The fluorite-typeoxygen-ion conducting oxide support employed in this work wasyttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), of which the yttria contentis 6.8 and 8 mol%. For comparison, γ-alumina was also adoptedas support. All copper oxide catalysts were prepared by usingimpregnation method. The physical and chemical properties ofcatalyst and support were characterized by temperature-program-med reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed oxidation(TPO), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope(TEM),electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and x-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The activity test of catalystwas carried out in a continuous flow reactor and the reactantswere CO and O2. Results showed that oxygen vacancies of YSZsupport can protect the interfacial Cu+ to avoid furtherreduction or oxidation during reaction. In the TPR study, itwas found that the surface oxygen vacancies of YSZ support cansig- ificantly lower the reduction temperature of theinterfacial copper oxide, and the temperature difference is ca.50℃ as compared with that of γ-alumina supported one. Thisphenomenon is associated with the functions of the oxygenvacancy of YSZ. Results of the activity tests indicated thatCuO/YSZ catalysts can exhibit PM-like behaviors such as light-off characteristic and hysteresis phenomenon but CuO/γ-aluminacatalysts can not do so. The significant and conspicuousactivity enhancement of the YSZ supported copper oxide has beenascribed to the modifi- cation of reaction mechanism due to thesurface oxygen vacancy of YSZ. An interfacial active centercomposed of an interfacial Cu+ ion and a surface oxygen vacancyof YSZ and formed by the interfacial metal oxide-supportinteraction (IMOSI) was proposed to explain the activityenhancement.

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