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Comparative Constructions In Southern Min-- A Diachronic and Typological Perspective
Thesis

Comparative Constructions In Southern Min-- A Diachronic and Typological Perspective

Chunchia Li
Masters, 國立清華大學, 語言學研究所
1993

Abstract

閩南語 比較句 歷時 類型 Southern Min comparative constructions diachronic typological
本篇欲從歷時及類型的觀點來探討比較句。這裡的比較句限制在兩個比較 項及比較謂語都有表現出來的句子。索緒爾曾提出一個語言的共時表現反 映了語言發展某一個特定階段,因此,首先我們要看看漢語中比較句的演 變. 根據前人的研究,最初比較句為謂語後結構,即第二比較項在比較謂 語之後。現代漢語中,比較句為「甲比乙+ 比較謂語」,源於漢魏六朝所 興起的泛比句「甲比(動詞)乙 + 比較謂語」。泛比句經過了重新分析(連 謂結構->偏正結構),語意縮小(泛比->差比)和謂語改變([+動-形]->[+ 動 + 形])。而閩南語早期書面記錄的比較句均為謂語後結構,但在現代 書面資料中謂語前結構卻成為主要的比較句,演變的方向與漢語演變的方 向一致。至於口語方面的資料,我們則實地去做了調查,結果發現謂語後 結構僅有極少數的人使用,大部份的發音人都使用謂語前結構。年齡越大 的發音人保有閩南語特色的程度越高,反之,年齡越小,受到國語的影響 越大。在看過閩南語的比較句之後,其他方言比較句的情況則為:南方方 言以謂語後結構為固有比較句,而謂語前結構逐建進入,所以這兩種結構 並存於南方的某些方言。北方方言以謂語前結構為主要的比較句。歷時的 演變與類型的地理分佈互為驗證,互相對應。比較句改變的方向,不論歷 時或共時,均從謂語後到謂語前結構。本篇論文結構如下:第一章討論漢 語比較句歷時的演變。第二章則檢視從早期到現代書面資料中的比較句。 第三章為實地去調查的結果與討論。第四章則討論各方言中的比較句。第 五章為結論。 In this thesis we will study comparative constructions in Southern Min dialects from a diachronic and typological perspective. Saussure(1959) proposes that a language-state reflects historical evolution at a particular moment. Thus a grasp of the historical evolution of comparative constructions will shed light on their synchronic state. At first, we will examine the historical development of comparative constructions in Chinese. The earliest attested comparative construction is "A+P+yu/ru+B" which is later replaced by "A+bi(V)+B+P". The structure turns into a comparative construction through reanalysis, semantic narrowing and the change of comparative predicates. In Southern Min, the direction of change is from postverbal to preverbal construction. As for spoken lauguage, the postverbal construction scarcely used while the preverbal construction is the dominant. The comparative constructions in other dialects are our concern. Generally speaking, the constructions in dialects are the same, but the differences lie in distinct function words. In accordance with the evolution of comparative construction, the geographic distribution shows that comparative constructions in southern dialects are more conservative than northern dialects.

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