Abstract
噶瑪蘭族是臺灣南島平埔族中的一族，其語言係屬臺灣南島語排灣語群的 一支。目前該族多分佈在花、東一帶，花蓮縣豐濱鄉新社村是該語使用最 頻繁的地區。本論文探討噶瑪蘭語中有關時制與相貌的表現方法。「時制 」是事件外部時間表現，而「相貌」是非關時間的事件內部表現。第一章 介紹噶瑪蘭的一些語言與非語言的基本背景，包括：人口、地理分佈、新 社村簡介、文獻回顧、及噶瑪蘭語的語音系統。第二章敘述該語言的焦點 系統。噶瑪蘭語每個句子依其動詞與主語之間的論旨角色關係，有三套焦 點：主事者焦點 (AF)，受事-處所焦點 (PLF) 與指涉焦點 (RF)。本章討 論帶動詞肯定直述句 (verbal affirmative declarative)，使役句 (causative)，及命令句 (imperative) 的焦點標記。以上三種句型的焦 點標記當中，帶動詞肯定直述句的焦點標記和時制與相貌的解釋 (interpretation) 有關。第三章討論噶瑪蘭語中有關時制的表現與解釋 。噶瑪蘭語的時制可以二分成未來與非未來 (Future vs. Non-future)。 在非未來句中，動詞必定帶上焦點標記。儘管如此，焦點標記並不等於非 未來時制標誌。在未來句中，除了主事者句的動詞一定要加上表未來的標 誌 +pa 之外，其餘句型，包括不帶動詞的句子中， +pa 不一定要出現。 完成式的句子是用 +ti或動詞 pun+ti 來表示。第四章依序討論噶瑪蘭 語中的五種相貌：啟始貌 (inceptive)；進行貌 (progressive)；完成 貌 (perfective)；重覆貌 (iterative)，及變相貌 (phase-change)。這 五種相貌中，有的可以用動詞來表示，有的則是用構詞形式 (morphological processes) 來表示。噶瑪蘭語因其使用者日少，已面臨 死亡的關頭，因此，對這個語言的保存、研究工作應加快速度才是。 This thesis aims at giving a descriptive account of tense and aspect in Kavalan. This work contains five chapters. Chapter 1 provides some background knowledge about Kavalan, including its linguistic position in the Formosan languages, population, distribution, literature review and sound system. Chapter 2 examines the focus system in Kavalan, for the focus markers in this language affect the interpretations of the tense and aspect. The various focus markers for AF, PLF, and RF in the (i) affirmative declarative, (ii) causative, and (iii) imperative sentences are examined. It is concluded that only the focus markers in (i) deal with the tense and aspect. Chapter 3 is concerned with the tense system in Kavalan, which has the Future vs. Non-future contrast. In Non-future time, various focus markers appear. However, these focus markers are not the tense markers. In Future time, these focus markers do not appear; instead, the clitic +pa appears, obligatorily in AF, but optionally in other sentence types. Perfect tense is expressed by the clitic +ti or the verb pun "to finish" plus +ti. Chapter 4 discusses five aspects in Kavalan: (i) inceptive, which makes use of the verbal prefix Ru-, the phase- change aspect clitic +ti, or the verb siangatu "to start." (ii) Progressive which is expressed by the verb yau meaning "to have" or "to exist." (iii) Perfective that adopts the markers u (a) for the AF sentences, and the markers ni- (-n-) for the PLF ones.The RF perfective aspect markers are not found. (iv) Iterative that is indicated by the partial reduplication applied to the verb roots. (v) Phase-change which is expressed by the clitic +ti attached to the main predicate. This clitic is used to express a starting point, an end point, and to cause the "emphatic" effect. Chapter 5 conludes the whole work.