Abstract
本論文旨在以描述的觀點分析噶瑪蘭語的語法。重點為格位標示 系統,焦點系統,及焦點標示與其他語法類別的互動關係. 第一章 為概論.第二章討論格位系統.目前所知噶瑪蘭語有五個名詞格位標示,分 別是主格 ya/a,受格 tu,接格 ta,屬格 ni/na, 及位格 ta 及 sa.這些格 位標示可出現在名詞及名詞組或句子之前.可出現在人名標示 ti 前的格 位標示, 如主格 ya,受格 tu,接格ta, 及位格 ta,在句中都可省略.代名 詞系統則顯示兩類構詞形態,黏著詞及獨立詞.前者包含主格後依附詞及屬 格後綴,後者包含主格,屬格,受格及位格四個格位.主格缺少第三人稱. 第三章討論焦點系統.第一部份描述焦點標示在肯定直述句的語法現象.噶 瑪蘭語的焦點系統可二分為事實及非事實兩語氣.氣象句,假設子句多以主 事者焦點句型表達.三論元的句子多以非主事者焦點句型表達.本語言的指 涉焦點句型不常為中生代所使用,老年人則保留此句型.此句型有漸為非主 事者焦點句型所取代的趨勢. 第二部份討論祈使結構,並探討此結 構的標示 -ka 及兩個焦點: 主事者焦點及受事者焦點.否定祈使句以否定 詞 naRin 置於句首,主要動詞之後則不出現祈使標示.值得注意的是,雖然 祈使句表達非事實的動作,但在連動結構中,第二動詞仍出現 {m} 形式. 第三部份討論三種複雜句型,分別是連動結構,樞紐結構及認知結構.在前 兩種結構中,第二動詞或子句的動詞只限用主事者焦點.而認知結構屬於補 語結構,由兩個子句所構成並由一標示 tu 所連接.文中亦討論此標示的分 類.由於認知結構由兩個獨立子句所構成,因此各子句的動詞所附著的焦點 標示,如 AF 或 NAF,沒有出現前後的限制. 第四部份討論焦點標 示與時貌標示,疑問詞,及否定詞的互動關係. 第四章為結論.附錄 中收錄作者在新社地區所收集的長篇語料及一首歌謠. This thesis aims at studying the case-marking and Focus system of theKavalan language in the descriptive approach. Chapter one introduces the generalbackground of this language. Chapter two discusses the case-marking system. There are seven case markers for five cases. They are: nominative case ya/a, accusative case tu, comitative case ta, genitive case ni/na, and locative case ta and sa. Thosewhich can occur before the personal name marker ti are optional in sentences, such as the nom. ya, acc. tu, com. ta, and loc. ta. The pronominal system presents bound and free forms. The former includes the nominative enclitic and the genitive suffixes; the latter the nominative, the genitive, the accusativeand the locative cases. The nominative case lacks the third person. Chapter three discusses the Focus system. The first part describes the Focus markers in affirmative sentences. The Focus system is divided into realisand irrealis. The meteorological sentences and the conditional clause requir theverb being inflected by the Agent Focus. The three-argument sentence is preferredto be a NAF- sentence. RF-sentences are not productive. There is a tendency thatthis sentence type is gradually replaced by NAF-sentences. The second part deals with the imperative construction. The imperativemarker is -ka, including Agent and Non-agent foci. The prohibitive sentence isexpressed by the negator naRin. Note that even though the imperative is deontic,the verb following the imperative formation is still in the realis form. The third part discusses three complex clauses: the serial verbconstruction, the pivotal construction and the cognition construction. In theformer two constructions the second verb and the verb in the subordinate clause can only be inflected by the Agent focus. The cognition construction is composed of two independent clauses linked by the optional marker tu. The syntactic function of the marker tu is discussed and remained as an open question. The fourth part discusses the interaction between the Focus markers andthe TAM markers, the interrogators and the negators. Chapter four concludes the whole work. The appendix presents six textsand one song which the author collected in Hsinshe village.