Abstract
Faced with a growing global population and finite environmental resources, sustainability continues expanding as a serious concern worldwide. In response to this issue, the Product Service System (PSS) was developed as a planning tool. The purpose of PSS is not only to meet customer requirements but also to provide an economic/environmental/social "triple-win" for enterprises. It can be a challenge for enterprises and involved stakeholders to construct a reliable PSS business model-the interdisciplinary framework that covers market, core competence, product, and profit. Most previous studies have focused on either PSS methodologies or a business model (BM) development process, but few have integrated both concepts. Moreover, existent BM procedures seldom investigate interactions among interdisciplinary aspects and typically lack evaluation tools. Therefore, this study presents a combined PSS BM methodology, generating a proper business model for a company based on internal capability and external environment factors. Further, a Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tool that integrates both Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to determine the appropriate BM and to present opportunities for the enterprise to extend its current products or services into new market segments. A case study illustrates how the PSS business model can create new commercial opportunities in the market. From an economic perspective, PSS can create new values and improve the level of customer satisfaction by integrating service, product and system, while from the social and environmental perspectives, products and services can be more efficiently used and hence enhance environmental sustainability. Consequently, the proposed PSS business model can benefit not only the enterprise but also the environment and society in general.