摘要
The Cucker–Smale (CS) model is a velocity alignment model, and this model also has been generalized on Riemannian manifolds. We modify the CS model on manifolds to get rid of a-priori condition on particles' positions and conditions on communication functions. Since the shortest geodesic is used to define an interaction between two particles, if there exist two or more than two shortest geodesics, then the system is not well-defined. In this paper, instead of using the shortest geodesic to define an interaction between two particles, we use all geodesics to define an interaction. From this assumption, we can relax the a-priori condition and conditions on communication functions. We also explain the relationship between the suggested model and previous models. Finally, we provide some emergent behaviors on some specific manifolds (e.g. flat torus, flat Möbius strip, and flat Klein bottle). From these results, we can discuss how the topology of the domain effects to emergent behaviors of the CS model on manifolds.