Assembly of MSCs into a spheroid configuration increases poly(I:C)-mediated TLR3 activation and the immunomodulatory potential of MSCs for alleviating murine colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with significant clinical challenges due to the limitations of current therapeutic approaches. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have shown promise in alleviating IBD owing to their potent immunomodulatory properties. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these cells remains suboptimal, primarily due to the harsh peritoneal microenvironment, which compromises MSC viability and functional capacity after transplantation.