摘要
This study demonstrates the intercalation of single-atom Ni (Ni SA ) substantially reduces the reaction activity of Ni oxide supported Pd nanoparticle (NiO 2 /Pd) in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results indicate the transition states kinetically consolidate the adsorption energy for the chemisorbed O and OH- species on the ORR activity. Notably, the NiO 2 /Ni 1 /Pd performs the optimum ORR behavior with the lowest barrier of 0.49 eV and moderate second-step barrier of 0.30 eV consequently confirming its utmost ORR performance. Through the stepwise cross-level demonstrations, a structure–E ads –ΔE correspondence for the proposed NiO 2 /Ni n /Pd systems is established. Most importantly, such a correspondence reveals that the electronic structure of heterogeneous catalysts can be significantly differed by the segregation of atomic clusters in different dimensions and locations. Besides, the doping-depth effect exploration of the Ni SA in the NiO 2 /Pd structure intrinsically elucidates that the Ni atom doping in the subsurface induces the most fruitful Ni SA /Pd ML synergy combining the electronic and strain effects to optimize the ORR, whereas this desired synergy diminishes at high Pd coverages. Overall, the results not only rationalize the variation in the redox properties but most importantly provides a precision evaluation of the process window for optimizing the configuration and composition of bimetallic catalysts in practical experiments.