Abstract
Background: We have previously demonstrated highly efficient baculovirus transduction of primary rat articular chondrocytes, thus implicating the possible applications of baculovirus in gene-based cartilage tissue engineering. However, baculovirus-mediated gene expression in the chondrocytes is transient. Methods: In this study, we attempted to prolong the expression by super-transduction, but uncovered that after long-term culture the chondrocytes became more refractory to baculovirus transduction. Therefore, the correlation between baculovirus-mediated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression and cell cycle was investigated by comparing the cycling chondrocytes and chondrocytes rich in quiescent cells, in terms of EGFP expression, virus uptake, cell cycle distribution, nuclear import and methylation of viral DNA. Results: We demonstrated, for the first time, that baculovirus-mediated transduction of chondrocytes is correlated with the cell cycle. The chondrocytes predominantly in G 2 /M phase were approximately twice as efficient in EGFP expression as the cycling cells, while the cells in S and G 1 phases expressed EGFP as efficiently as the cycling cells. Notably, the chondrocyte populations rich in quiescent cells resulted in efficient virus uptake, but less effective nuclear transport of baculoviral DNA and higher degree of methylation, and hence poorer transgene expression. Conclusions: These findings unravel the practical limitations when employing baculovirus in cartilage tissue engineering. The implications and possible solutions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.