Abstract
Intracellular Ca 2+ transient is crucial in initiating the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, but whether voltagegated Ca 2+ channels are involved remains uncertain. Here, we show that the T-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel Cav3.2 is essential for tracheal chondrogenesis. Mice lacking this channel (Cav3.2 -/- ) show congenital tracheal stenosis because of incomplete formation of cartilaginous tracheal support. Conversely, Cav3.2 overexpression in ATDC5 cells enhances chondrogenesis, which could be blunted by both blocking T-type Ca 2+ channels and inhibiting calcineurin and suggests that Cav3.2 is responsible for Ca 2+ influx during chondrogenesis. Finally, the expression of sex determination region of Y chromosome (SRY)-related high-mobility group-Box gene 9 (Sox9), one of the earliest markers of committed chondrogenic cells, is reduced in Cav3.2 -/- tracheas. Mechanistically, Ca 2+ influx via Cav3.2 activates the calcineurin/nuclear factor of the activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway, and a previously unidentified NFAT binding site is identified within the mouse Sox9 promoter using a luciferase reporter assay and gel shift and ChIP studies. Our findings define a previously unidentified mechanism that Ca 2+ influx via the Cav3.2 T-type Ca 2+ channel regulates Sox9 expression through the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway during tracheal chondrogenesis.