摘要
The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high-energy densities faces challenges to meet the ever-growing market demands. Tungsten oxide (WO3) with high theoretical capacity and low cost is a potential replacement for conventional graphite anodes, whose low reversible capacity limits the energy densities of existing LIBs. However, large volumetric changes during the cycling result in the degradation of WO3-based electrodes. Hence, we integrated an anode based on vertically aligned WO3 nanorods with a current collector. The controlled geometry of binder-free anodes minimized volumetric expansion effects and conferred high mechanical stability proven by stable cycling performance up to a rate of 3 C without disintegration. Ex situ X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy analyses supported by theoretical calculations revealed the appearance of the intermediate active phases during conversion reaction.