摘要
This study aims to address a theoretical gap in how people formulate cognitive maps in a social context. The concept of a cognitive map, a mental representation of spatial relations, has been widely used to explain individual navigation. When navigating with others, the exchange of spatial knowledge and the formation of cognitive maps in leaders and followers are natural and ubiquitous, yet their neural underpinnings remain insufficiently understood. We investigated these mechanisms by recording hyperscanning electroencephalography (EEG) from 70 participants engaged in dyadic route-planning and navigation tasks within a virtual reality environment. Intrabrain and interbrain couplings were analyzed across frequency bands using connectivity measures. We observed robust neural synchronization patterns associated with collaborative navigation performance and role. Intrabrain connectivity analyses showed increased delta coupling in both leaders and followers, whereas theta connectivity was particularly enhanced in followers. Alpha-band connectivity displayed divergent patterns between roles, suggesting distinct neural strategies for spatial processing. Interbrain analyses revealed increased delta causality between partners but decreased theta and gamma couplings from followers to leaders. Faster-performing dyads exhibited overall reduced interbrain coupling, especially in theta bands, indicating more efficient neural coordination. Collaborative navigation relies on frequency-specific, role-dependent neural coordination both within and between brains, and more efficient dyads may require less sustained interbrain coupling. These findings can inform the design of navigation aids, training protocols, and collaborative interfaces that better support leader–follower coordination and improve joint spatial decision making in real-world settings. This study investigates how individuals align and update their cognitive maps during collaborative navigation, addressing a fundamental gap in understanding joint spatial decision making.EEG hyperscanning combined with a VR omnidirectional treadmill enables the measurement of leader-follower brain dynamics in a highly controlled yet ecologically valid environment.Functional and effective connectivity analyses reveal distinct intra- and inter-brain coupling patterns across frequency bands that differentiate leaders from followers and distinguish performance levels.Findings provide actionable insights for designing navigation aids, collaborative interfaces, and training programs that enhance leader-follower coordination in real-world environments.