摘要
We present direct numerical simulation data for turbulent duct flow of a finite-extensibility non-linear elastic dumbbell model with the Peterlin approximation (FENE-P) fluid in the high drag reduction regime. While the secondary flow pattern is qualitatively similar to that in a Newtonian fluid, its magnitude is significantly reduced, resulting in a less uniformly distributed velocity profile and hence smaller gradients at the wall. The Reynolds stress tensor in the polymer-laden flow was found to be increasingly anisotropic with most of the turbulent kinetic energy retained in the streamwise component, u ′ u ′ ¯. We introduce a novel approach for investigating polymer stretching using the anisotropy invariant map of the polymer stress tensor and observe the persistence of both uniaxial and biaxial extension. Analysis of the transport equation for the mean kinetic energy indicates that polymer stretching and relaxation is a highly dissipative process; hence, the introduction of an additional channel for dissipation in a flow is key to drag reduction.