Abstract
The butterfly Heliconius erato can see fromthe UV to the red part of the light spectrum with color vision proven from 440 to 640 nm. Its eye is known to contain three visual pigments, rhodopsins, produced byan11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal chromophore togetherwith longwavelength (LWRh), blue (BRh) and UV (UVRh1) opsins.We now find that H. erato has a second UV opsin mRNA (UVRh2) - a previously undescribedduplicationof this geneamongLepidoptera. Toinvestigate its evolutionary origin, we screened eye cDNAs from 14 butterfly species in the subfamily Heliconiinae and found both copies only among Heliconius. Phylogeny-based tests of selection indicate positive selection of UVRh2 following duplication, and some of the positively selectedsites correspondtovertebrate visualpigment spectral tuning residues. Epi-microspectrophotometry reveals two UV-absorbing rhodopsins in the H. erato eye with λ max = 355 nm and 398 nm. Along with the additional UV opsin, Heliconius have also evolved 3-hydroxy-DL-kynurenine (3-OHK)-based yellow wing pigments not found in close relatives. Visual models of how butterflies perceive wing color variation indicate this has resulted in an expansion of the number of distinguishable yellow colors on Heliconius wings. Functional diversification of the UV-sensitive visual pigments may help explain why the yellow wing pigments of Heliconius are so colorful in the UV range compared to the yellowpigments of close relatives lacking the UV opsin duplicate.