摘要
Internal short circuits caused by lithium filament formation and propagation remain a critical challenge for solid-state batteries. In oxide solid electrolytes (SEs), such failure is commonly attributed to inadequate mechanical strength or interfacial instability; however, it cannot be explained by any single material parameter, but instead arises from the coupled effects of mechanical stress, ionic transport, and electronic conduction. This review synthesizes recent advances and highlights the multi-field nature of dendrite formation in oxide SEs. A Geometric-Topological-Electronic framework is introduced to unify structural geometry, transport pathways, and electronic leakage. Within this framework, failure is understood as localized amplification, including stress concentration at high-curvature features, ion-flux localization arising from disrupted connectivity, and preferential electron transport along grain boundaries. Importantly, these instabilities can be strongly influenced by processing history, from powder dispersion and green-body formation to sintering, through the evolution of microstructural heterogeneity that generates or preserves structural and chemical nonuniformities that may later evolve into failure pathways during electrochemical operation. Residual agglomerates, topological coarsening during densification, and the percolation of low-bandgap grain boundaries are identified as key factors that compromise stability. By integrating these mechanisms, this review provides a unified basis for understanding failure and guiding the design of stable oxide SEs for solid-state batteries.