Abstract
Sensors, sensing systems, and their architectures for sports sciences and related applications are reviewed and summarized. The sports science was considered the core of the focus, which was linked to the innermost shell (characteristics) of the complete article framework. Different sensors were included in the intermediate shell of the framework, which translate quantify and qualify activities and results. The outermost shell of the framework was the application, in which various sports were given as examples. To support this structure, widely-used detection systems (such as inertial measurement units, force sensors, physiological sensors, global positioning systems, and local positioning systems) are concluded for various sports activities. Not only publicly-acceptable sports (for example, swimming, badminton, basketball, and soccer) but also those with professional teams and played in limited regions (for example, American football, cricket, and hockey) are scientifically quantified with sports science-supportive sensors here. Additionally, mild (such as running and yoga) and extensive activities (such as boxing and rugby) are both included in this summary for comprehensive comparison on the sensing systems. Different evaluation aspects from the user (player), coaching team, and audience are mentioned when the smart sensors are able to provide immersive experience. Practical considerations of comfort feeling, cost for production, and material supportiveness are sequentially concluded in this manuscript with extensive demonstration from 160 references.
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