摘要
Through specific biological e amples this article illustrates the comple designs that have evolved in nature to address strength, toughness, and weight optimi ation. Current research is reviewed, and the structure of some shells, bones, antlers, crab e oskeletons, and avian feathers and beaks is described using the principles of materials science and engineering by correlating the structure with mechanical properties. In addition, the mechanisms of deformation and failure are discussed.