Abstract
Purpose: This study was to use leader exemplar approach to analyze the distributions of eight types of paternalistic leadership (PL) in sports, and examine the relationship between the eight types of PL and trust in coach and team values. Method: Samples were 609 open group volleyball players in year 2003 and 2011. Since the measurement for PL was five-point Likert scale, we used the mid-point of the absolute scale (3.0) as the cutoff to determine whether a leader as high and low on PL. Eight types of paternalistic leader as follows: authentic PL leaders, selfless benefactor PL leaders, disciplinarian PL leaders, godfather PL leaders, indulgent PL leaders, ideological PL leaders, dictatorial PL leaders, and Laissez-fire PL leaders. Results: The results revealed indulgent PL and authentic leaders PL leaders where the most often seen leaders in coaching. The top five frequency ranks in leaders’ types were: indulgent PL leaders, authentic leaders PL leaders, ideological PL leaders, Laissez-fire PL leaders, and disciplinarian PL leaders. Except Laissez-fire leaders, the rest were moral-based leaders. The ANCOVA revealed that indulgent PL leaders, authentic leaders PL leaders, and disciplinarian PL leaders were the effectiveness styles, whereas dictatorial PL and Laissez-fire PL leaders were the less effectiveness styles. Conclusion: The findings and applications were discussed.