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GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes
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GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G Abac, I Abouelfettouh, F Acernese, K Ackley, C Adamcewicz, S Adhicary, D Adhikari, …
arXiv.org
09/09/2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.08054

摘要

Physics - General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal massesm₁ = 33.6^(+1.2)_(-0.8) M_(⊙)andm₂ = 32.2^(+0.8)_(-1.3) M_(⊙) , and small spinsχ_(1,2) ≤ 0.26(90% credibility) and negligible eccentricitye ≤ 0.03 . Post-merger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar(ℓ = |m| = 2)mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes' frequencies to± 30%of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant's Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking's area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to 5 of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

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